Skateboarding can be a recreational activity, an artform, a job, or a method of transportation.^[1] Skateboarding has been shaped and influenced by many skateboarders throughout the years. A 2002 report by American Sports Data found that there were 18.5 million skateboarders in the world. 85 percent of skateboarders polled who had used a board in the last year were under the age of 18, and 74 percent were male.^[2]

Skateboarding is relatively modern. A key skateboarding maneuver, the ollie, was developed in the late 1970s by Alan “Ollie” Gelfand as a half-pipe maneuver. Freestyle skateboarder Rodney Mullen was the first to take it to flat ground and later invented the kickflip and its variations. ^[3]

Point Loma Nazarene University

History

The college was founded by several female laypersons in the Church of the Nazarene with the assistance of Phineas F. Bresee, co-founder of the Nazarene Church in Los Angeles. The “initiators,” in the words of historian Timothy L. Smith, convinced “a reluctant Bresee to support the venture.”^[2]

The institution envisioned was “a simple Bible college” to train ministerial and lay leadership for the newly established Nazarene denomination, but a bible college did not fit Bresee’s notion of a real Christian school and he “promised little or no assistance.” The women went ahead with their plan, with money raised from their husbands, and Pacific Bible College opened in 1902 under Principal Mary Hill.^[2]

In 1906, Bresee’s interest in the college was piqued with a large donation from Jackson Deets. Bresee now saw the possibility for a real liberal arts college in the newly renamed Deets Pacific Bible College. Bresee and Deets were soon planning Nazarene University together: academy, liberal arts college, and bible school. In 1910, it was named Nazarene University and, against the wishes of Jackson Deets and the advice of Nazarene General Superintendent John W. Goodwin, the college moved to the Hugus Ranch property in Pasadena, California.^[2]

It was renamed again to Pasadena University following a theological dispute and near bankruptcy in 1917. The school received accreditation from the Western Association of Schools and Colleges in 1949,^[3] and the name of the school was changed to Pasadena College. The college preparatory program was ended in the 1950s.

In 1973, the college was relocated to the Point Loma peninsula in San Diego, after a rejected plan to move the school to Santa Ana. It existed for ten years as “Point Loma College: An Institution of the Church of the Nazarene” until the name was changed to Point Loma Nazarene College (PLNC) In 1983. In 1998, the name was changed again, to Point Loma Nazarene University (PLNU).

Campus

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PLNU has five different locations besides the main campus in Point Loma, with graduate programs at regional centers in Arcadia, Bakersfield, Inland Empire and Mission Valley San Diego. Once owned by the Theosophical Society, the Point Loma site has a lengthy pre-PLNU history.

Lomaland

By 1900, the campus was dominated by the imposing Academy Building and the adjoining Temple of Peace of the Theosophical Society. Both buildings were constructed in the Theosophical vernacular that included the flattened arch motif and whimsical references to antiquity. The buildings were topped by amethyst domes, which were lighted at night and could be seen offshore. The entrance to the Academy Building was dominated by two massive carved doors that symbolized the Theosophical Principles of “spiritual enlightenment” and “human potential.” The sculptor, Reginald Machell, was educated in England, but moved to Lomaland in 1896. The interior furnishings he carved for the Academy Building were influenced by the Symbolist style popular in Europe at that time. Machell also supervised the woodworking school at Point Loma.

Greek amphitheater

Lomaland had public buildings for the entire community and several private homes. The home of Albert Spalding, the sporting goods tycoon, was built in 1901. The building combines late-Victorian wooden architecture with historical motifs such as the modified Corinthian column (now shaped like a papyrus leaf) and flattened arches. The amethyst dome was restored by a team of scholars led by Dr. Dwayne Little of the PLNC department of History and Political Science in 1983. The first Greek amphitheater in North America was built on this site in 1901. It was used for sporting events and theatrical performances. The tessellated pavement and stoa were added in 1909. The theatre was the site of a number of productions of Greek and Shakespearean dramas. Cabrillo Hall, which served as the International Center Headquarters, the Brotherhood Headquarters, and “Wachere Crest” building, was completed in 1909. It served as office space for the Theosophical Society and as a residence for Katherine Tingley after 1909. It was originally located on the west side of Pepper Tree lane.

Lomaland dissolved in the aftermath of World War I and was used for bootlegging during the Prohibition period. The tunnel systems and site were later taken over by Fort Rosecrans before World War II. It served as an observation point and several barracks were installed on the site, which constitute some of the campus dormitories for PLNU. In 1952, California Western University relocated to Point Loma. In 1968, California Western changed its name to United States International University and moved to Scripps Ranch, while the California Western School of Law retained its old name and relocated from its Point Loma location to downtown in 1973. Pasadena College moved from Pasadena to Point Loma to replace it.

Affiliation

PLNU is one of the eight U.S. liberal arts colleges^[4] and universities affiliated with the Church of the Nazarene.^[5] Although its name might suggest that it is the college for the “Point Loma” region, no such region currently exists;^[6] PLNU is the college for the “Southwest Region” of the United States, comprising the Northern California, Sacramento, Central California, Los Angeles, Anaheim, Southern California, Arizona, New Mexico, and Hawaii districts, which include California, Arizona, New Mexico, Hawaii, and parts of Nevada, Utah, and Texas.^[7] Each college receives financial backing from the Nazarene churches on its region; part of each church budget is paid into a fund for its regional school. Each college or university is also bound by a gentlemen’s agreement not to actively recruit outside its respective “educational region.”^[8] PLNU has been accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges since 1949.^[9]

Academics

Point Loma Nazarene University has a “commitment to educating students as whole people.”^[10] The University offers more than 60 areas of scholarship as bachelor of arts and bachelor of science degrees, as well as graduate degrees. There were 3,480 students at the college in 2007, 2,346 of whom were undergraduates.^[11] The 2007 acceptance rate for students who applied to the college was 73.5 percent.^[12]

Student life

Athletics logo

The institution has a debate team that won the National Parliamentary Debate Association championship in 2007 and met success as Sweepstakes Champions three times since 2003.^[13][14][15] PLNU has also won the Christian College National Championship in 7 times since 1998.^[16]

PLNU is also part of the National Association of Intercollegiate Athletics (NAIA), the Golden State Athletic Conference (GSAC). The university sponsors 14 athletic programs, seven for men and seven for women, in cross-country, soccer, basketball, golf, baseball, tennis, track and field, volleyball, and softball. In 2002, the mascot was changed from the Crusaders to the Sea Lions. The Sea Lions play San Diego State University as an exhibition basketball game.

Notable persons

Notable alumni include Edward J. Blakely, educator and researcher on urban and suburban issues,^[17] James Dobson, prominent evangelical psychologist, Greg Laswell, musician and producer, and Mildred Bangs Wynkoop, noted Nazarene theologian. The school has produced four college presidents. Two were presidents of the Eastern Nazarene College: Fred J. Shields and Floyd W. Nease, 1919-1923 and 1924-1930, respectively. One, Orval J. Nease, was president of his alma mater from 1928 to 1933. The fourth, David Alexander, has been president of Northwest Nazarene since 2008. Hoku, singer and daughter of the late Don Ho studied business at PLNU briefly, but left during her first semester.

Notable faculty members include Darrel R. Falk, author of Coming to Peace with Science and director of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute outreach program, and Michael Lodahl, another noted Nazarene theologian. A notable former faculty member is Olive Winchester.

Notes and references

External links

• Official website

Loma is the Spanish word for hill. The original name of the peninsula was La Punta de la Loma de San Diego, translated as Hill Point of San Diego. This was later anglicized to Point Loma.^[2]

There were no permanent Indian settlements on Point Loma because of a lack of fresh water. Kumeyaay Indians did visit Ocean Beach periodically to harvest mussels, clams, abalone and lobsters.^[3]

Point Loma was first discovered by Europeans on September 28, 1542 when Portuguese navigator Juan Rodríguez Cabrillo (João Rodrigues Cabrilho in Portuguese) departed from Mexico and led an expedition for the Spanish crown to explore the west coast of what is now the United States. Cabrillo described San Diego Bay as “a very good enclosed port.” Historians believe he docked his flagship on Point Loma’s east shore, probably at Ballast Point. This was the first landing by a European in present-day California, so that Point Loma has been described as “where California began”.^[4]

More than 200 years were to pass before a permanent European settlement was established in San Diego in 1769. Mission San Diego itself was in the San Diego River valley, but its port was a bayside beach in Point Loma called La Playa (Spanish for beach). Modern day Rosecrans Street follows the route of the historic La Playa Trail, the oldest European trail on the West Coast.^[5] It led from the Mission and Presidio to La Playa, where ships anchored and unloaded their cargoes via small boats. The beach at La Playa continued to serve as San Diego’s “port” until the establishment of New Town (current downtown) in the 1870s. In his book Two Years Before the Mast, Richard Henry Dana, Jr. describes how sailors in the 1830s camped on the beach at La Playa and hunted for wood and jackrabbits in the hills of Point Loma.

Ballast Point got its name from the practice of ships discarding their ballast there on arriving in San Diego Bay and taking on ballast as they left for the open ocean. Fort Guijarros was constructed at Ballast Point in 1797.^[6] Ballast Point and La Playa are now on the grounds of Naval Base Point Loma.

In 1900 Katherine Tingley moved the headquarters of the Theosophical Society to “Lomaland”, a hilltop campus in Point Loma overlooking the ocean. The facility with its unusual architecture and even more unusual lifestyles became an important source of music and culture for residents of San Diego between 1900 and 1920. The Society also experimented widely with planting trees and crops, giving that formerly barren part of Point Loma its current heavily wooded character. They are credited with introducing the avocado to California.

During the 1920s there was a dirt airstrip known as Dutch Flats in what is now the Midway neighborhood of Point Loma. That is where Charles Lindbergh first tested and flew his airplane, The Spirit of St. Louis, which had been built in San Diego by the Ryan Aeronautical Company. A post office now located on the site contains several historic plaques commemorating Dutch Flats and Lindbergh.^[7]